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How to Run A Lathe the 1942 edition from the South Bend Lathe Works contains a thorough description of lathe anatomy and basic principles. Over 60 years old but the information is just as relevant today as it was then.
Doug Briney's Home Shop Machinist's Handbook is an excellent introduction to the small hobbyist lathe, with explanations of modern accessories and their use. It is a more practical guide than the South Bend book. Excellent, clear illustrations throughout.
Moltrecht's Machine Shop Practice volumes 1 and 2 are essentials for understanding metalworking operations. It is actually a guide for the career machinist but if you have the patience to read it as a hobbyist you will gain a lot of useful knowledge.
Rudy Kouhoupt has produced about ten videos on various topics including lathe operation, milling machine operation, layout work, grinding your own lathe tools, and even a two-part series on making your own steam engine. They are pricey (about $55 each) but if you compare it to the cost of a trade or vocational school it is easier to justify the expense.
Jose Rodriguez has also made some videos at more reasonable prices, though I have only watched the one on making spur gears. The technical info on that video was pretty good but I was left with many unanswered questions, so I felt the instruction was incomplete.